German propagandists feared the triple loss might be too damaging to morale. Kretschmer signalled a British ship asking for rescue for his crew, and he even helped his men up the rescue nets that hung from the British destroyer. The Greatest Submarine Commander of all time was Lothar von Arnaud de la Perrier who sank nearly 200 ships in World War One. [9] Kretschmer's first operational experience on a submarine was as a lieutenant on the U-35 in 1937 as first watch officer under the command of Klaus Ewerth and then Hans-Rudolf Rsing. The ship was accompanied by three other vessels, but she was darkened and the black out aroused Kretschmer's suspicions. Otto Kretschmer (1 May 1912 - 5 August 1998) was a German naval officer and submariner in World War II and the Cold War. He joined the German navy - the Reichsmarine - on April 1, 1930, as an officer candidate. He captured the number one German U-boat ace Otto Kretschmer (whose Zeiss binoculars he took and used for the rest of the war); in the same battle, he directed the attack that killed the second-scoring ace Joachim Schepke. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: One Torpedo, One Ship: An appraisal of Otto Kretschmers U-boat tactics, 19391941, /doi/full/10.1080/00253359.2021.1898209?needAccess=true. After sinking the Magog, he gave his crew brandy as a reward. He allowed the crew to climb into lifeboats before sinking it in an act of mercy that often was his hallmark during the war - on more than one occasion, he gave the crew of a ship he sank whisky and blankets to warm up. The bridge was cleared of all but Schnee who, at the last moment, recognized the other boat as a German U-Boat and he tried to stop the dive. His father, a teacher, decided to send him to the UK, and Exeter was his destination. [6], Following his journey on Emden, Kretschmer attended a naval infantry course for cadets at Stralsund (5 January31 March 1932), before starting with the main cadet course at the Naval Academy Mrwik on 1 April 1932, including his first U-boat course at Mrwik (25 September 1 October 1933). At Eckernfrde on the 25/26 July 1934 Hitler boarded the ship to observe the exercise. Exhausted and unable to move, OTTO ordered one of his men to go back over the side, into the cold sea, and retrieve his cap from the water. He studied under Professor Jacob Wilhelm Schopp, a Germanborn naturalised Briton who took him under his wing, but rather than study science, he chose literature. Otto Kretschmer was the most successful U-boat commander of the Second World War. She was launched on 12 March 1940 under the command of Korvettenkapitn Otto Kretschmer and was assigned to the 7th U-boat Flotilla based in Kiel and later in St Nazaire . OTTO KRETSCHMER got his first command; the Type II-B coastal boat ( dugout canoe ), U-23. Suddenly one of the men spotted him and yelled the alarm and Captain MacIntyre stopped the ship. The short range of the Type II submarine allowed for operations in the North Sea, but no further. U-99 is preparing for her first Feindfahrt (war patrol), taking on supplies. [Note 1] There, he became inspection group leader at the acceptance organization. [34] On 21 June, his ninth patrol, his boat was damaged by an Arado Ar 196 floatplane from Scharnhorst in the belief U-99 was a British submarine. The ship did not reach port. Hitler invited Kretschmer to sit in on a lunch meeting with Hitler and Vyacheslav Molotov, the Soviet Union's ambassador to the Third Reich. As the boat went under, she was immediately picked up on the ASDIC of the Royal Navy sub hunters and they came after this new contact. Con su legendario submarino Tipo VII, el U-99, se apunt desde Septiembre de 1.939 hasta Marzo de 1.941, 47 barcos hundidos con un total de 274.333 toneladas. It took nine torpedoes and one dud to sink them; the latter was sunk after it stopped to pick up survivors from the former. Alongside his military skill was a character that remained rooted in the traditions of the Prussian military. German aircraft bombed and sank it three days later. Kretschmer travelled the world as he rose up through the ranks, before joining the U-boat service in 1936. Husband of Elsie Gertrude Kretschmer. Or by navigating to the user icon in the top right. He fired a single torpedo that missed before he lost the ship in thick mist. [58], Several of Kretschmer's senior officers left the boat before the final patrol. On seeing the craters of a stick of bombs near Buckingham Palace he was genuinely shocked that an attempt had so obviously been made by his countrymen to bomb the Palace. Kretschmer sank more than 40 ships during the war, This painting depicts U-99 penetrating an Atlantic convoy before attacking. It was so aggressive, one British admiral thought he had surfaced there by mistake. 1) Black Otto Walter no.12.507.- prismen glaser8x40 reflexfreie on right side. Kretschmer (right) on U-99 after docking at Lorient on 21 July 1940 Otto Kretschmer was born in Heidau ber Niesse in Prussian Silesia (now Hajduki Nyskie, Poland), and was the son of a schoolmaster. Serving on a U-boat was a very dangerous task, and one that many did not want. Note that OTTO KRETSCHMER (arrow) is wearing the regulation navy blue cap, not the traditional nut non-regulation White Cap. 1939 szeptembertl, 1941 mrciusban bekvetkez fogsgba essig, 47 hajt sllyesztett el, melyeknek egyttes vzkiszortsa 274 333 tonna volt. He had a great sense of humor during one Patrol in Germany, our bus stopped at our little gasthaus and COOPER went inside to check on the rooms. However, he was haunted by the image of a lone survivor in a life raft who would surely die if not rescued. A detachment of the Home Guard apprehended him, shooting him when he tried to escape. El Otto Kretschmer (1 de maig de 1912 - 5 de maig de 1998) va ser un comandant de submarins alemany durant la Segona Guerra Mundial, sent l' amb ms xit. On 4 October 1939 he sank the coastal ship Glen Farg (876GRT). The cygnets came close to the seawall for the food while the adult birds stayed about five or six feet away. KLAUS BARGSTEN (328-1987) and his II.W.O. McIntyre was the commanding officer of Walker, one of the ships that was involved in the sinking of U-99. Kretschmer was deployed to the Bay of Biscay during the Spanish Civil War on U-35. From September 1939 until being captured in March 1941, he sank 47 ships, a total of 274,333 tons. He enrolled at Exeter University (then University College of the South West of England) and studied under Professor Jacob Wilhelm Schopp (b. During the Spanish Civil War, Kretschmer was involved in several patrols as part of the international non-intervention force. [25] The Norwegian Fredville, only 1,150GRT was sunk on 11 January 1940 without warning. The crew abandoned ship and were questioned by Kretschmer. [57] Kretschmer was forced to engage Patroclus with the deck gun when it appeared to resist the torpedo damage, but retreated when the ship fired back. Otto Kretschmer was only in combat from September 1939 until March 1941 but was Germany's highest-scoring U-boat commander, sinking 47 ships totaling 274,333 tons. Kretschmer was also involved in the Battle of Bowmanville. Kretschmer waited for the crew to take to the lifeboats before destroying the ship with a torpedo. [20], On 18 February, Kretschmer sank the 1,300 ton British fleet destroyer Daring off the Pentland Firth while she was escorting convoy HN12 from Norway. U-99 attacked the armed merchant cruisers HMS Laurentic and HMS Patroclus. For this he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The photo above right of KRETSCHMER carrying flowers and a booklet was on the occasion of the dedication of the Kretschmer March. "[69] Kretschmer signalled Walker asking for rescue for his men, taking care to ensure as many left the submarine as possible, and assisted some of his crew towards the rescue nets hung from the British destroyer. Prien and Kretschmer, along with U-70 (Matz) and UA, attacked the convoy. He did not come through the hatch he must be lost at sea. He was upset, but he was a proper officer and obeyed his orders. Kretschmer formed part of "Crew 30" (the incoming class of 1930), 78strong intake of officer candidates. [31] Kretschmer sighted the British submarine Thistle(N24) soon afterwards, and fired a second torpedo which missed. Kretschmer and U-23 had departed from Wilhelmshaven on 25 August, one week before the start of World War II. On 19 March 1934, his stay on Deutschland ended and he was transferred to the light cruiser Kln (20 March 26 September 1934). As U-99 returns from an early Feindfahrt, we see that the crew is neatly arranged (photo left) on the deck and there is no White Cap on the Skipper. [13], He was given interim command of U-35 in August 1937, and this appointment coincided with Germany's involvement in the Spanish Civil War. It is not possible to change the direction of a rapidly diving submarine at the wave of a hand, and so with Schnee on the bridge and both conning tower hatches fully open, U-23 disappeared beneath the North Sea. 1999-2020 Sharkhunters International. [32] Loch Maddy "[73], Of his personality and view of the war it stated, "He gave the impression of being a quiet, deliberate man, and looked more like a student than a U-Boat Captain. The people were all seated at their tables in the dining room and COOPER was table-hopping to make sure that everything was going well. On 1 November 1958, he was transferred to the position of commander of the Bundesmarine's Amphibische Streitkrfte ("amphibious forces"), a position he held until 15 January 1962. [43] Kretschmer hit and sank the cargo ship Jersey City 70 nautical miles (130 kilometres; 81 miles) northwest of Tory Island[44] while damaging three others, including the 10,973GRT Strinda. After the war he served in the German Federal Navy, from which he retired in 1970 with the flag rank of commodore. [20] Another neutral Scandinavian ship was sunk. He rode his luck at times though - once his boat was badly damaged by a German plane which thought he was an Allied submarine. He demonstrated a cool approach to combat: his mantra one torpedo for one ship proved that the best way for his boat to succeed against a convoy was to remain surfaced as much as possible, penetrating the convoy and using the boats high speed and small silhouette to avoid retaliation. [18], From 1 March to 31 October 1958, Kretschmer served as Admiralstabsoffizier (Astoofficer of the admiralty staff) with the Fleet Command. He continued to serve as Watch Officer of U-35 until 30 September 1937. This third patrol on U-99, took the boat into the North Atlantic, into the North Channel and west of Ireland. His first operational posting was to the 2nd U-Flotillas Type VII U35 where he survived almost being drowned during training in the Baltic Sea. Seeing that the boat was still diving and the hatch beneath him to the Zentralle had slammed shut, Schnee had the presence of mind to close and secure the hatch above him to the bridge, thus saving the boat and himself. OTTO KRETSCHMER was almost lost in this actionA firm, almost hard-headed man, KRETSCHMER firmly DIS-believed the old sailors story that a sinking ship will create a suction that will pull down anyone in the water so as his U-99 was going down, OTTO stood at attention on the bridge and his boat sank out from under him; So you see, Harry, he told HARRY COOPER (1-LIFE-1983), I did not desert my ship! He warned Schroeder that the boat was nearly at neutral buoyancy and was riding on the vents so he should open the valves slowly and carefully. [31] 157 of the Daring crew were killed, including Commander Sydney Cooper. They fought Canadian troops armed with ice hockey sticks, and only surrendered when the guards brought in high-pressure water hoses. The officers were also taken to the prisoner-of-war camp at Grizedale Hall. Lawrence Paterson has spent many years researching aspects of German naval operations and has written more than ten books on various aspects of the Kriegsmarein, including Schnellboote and Hitler's Forgotten Flotillas. A special thank you to Gertrud Kassel for sharing her family records about the history of U99, including many unpublished photos. Admiral Sir George Creasy considered the manoeuvre so dangerous he thought it had been done by mistake. The first time I met him and asked for an interview, he granted me a half hour following a luncheon celebrating his wife's birthday. She told COOPER that he was such a fine man that she knew there would never be another like him. [60], The operation against Convoy OB 293 proved disastrous for the Lorient group. We also may change the frequency you receive our emails from us in order to keep you up to date and give you the best relevant information possible. Otto Kretschmer was the Watch Officer of U-35 from 03 November 1936 - 30 July 1937. Instead, OKM sent him an administrative officer, H. J. von KNEBEL-DOBERITZ (681-1988) as his new I.W.O. [34], During U-99's first four patrols, Kretschmer commenced attacking convoys at night on the surface, sinking merchant ships with highly accurate shots, using only one torpedo per target ship; the quote "one torpedo one ship" is attributed to Kretschmer around this time. The report contained the remark, "Kretschmer demonstrated his extraordinary courage in many instances. His whole demeanour was calm and quiet, and he seemed anxious to be friendly; he was also less suspicious of British officers than was his First Lieutenant. For this he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords, among other awards. Kretschmer was born in Heidau near Neisse, then in the German Empire on 1 May 1912 to Friedrich Wilhelm Otto and Alice (ne Herbig) Kretschmer. It was not this way with U-99. The booklet was the music and award document, and the flowers were handed to him by Fraulein von Ribbentrop. [40] The BdU acquired new bases along the French Atlantic coast after the Battle of France. OTTO and his wife were already in the dining room. In fact, out of 116 torpedoes fired in action, Kretschmer scored 74 hits (equivalent to a 69.8% success rate). In this work, Kretschmers success is appraised through the analysis of the key characteristics of his attacks, and the conditions of the battlefield in which he operated. A British intelligence report on him said: "His political views were less extremely Nazi than had been assumed. The ships were protected by an escort group of two destroyers, Wolverine and Verity, and two corvettes, Arbutus and Camellia. At 2250hrs on 3 November, 1940, one of the most dramatic battles of the U-boat war began. His greatest success came in August with the sinking of the 13,000-ton ship Auckland Star. Three days later he departed for his seventh war patrol. There were no deaths among the crew. [22], U-23 departed from Kiel on 8 January 1940 for its sixth war patrol and Schnee had been replaced by Oberleutnant zur See Hans-Dietrich von Tiesenhausen. Unfortunately, his mother died from tetanus after a medical incident, so he returned home to be with his family. Death: November 08, 1981 (85) Millicent, South Australia, Australia. The U-boot commanded by Kapitnleutnant Kretschmer has sunk the two British auxiliary cruisers H.M.S. In 1943, the men dug a tunnel out of the camp ahead of an 870-mile journey across Canada to New Brunswick. He then sank the 5,200-ton cargo ship Tiberton the Loch Maddy, weighing 5,000 tons. Kretschmer stated that he was unmarried.". It was on his third patrol that he sank his first ship, the Glen Farg, a small freighter was carrying pulp and Ferrochrome. He was understandably upset when he and all the other Type II boats in the area were ordered to get back into the North Sea, far away from Scapa Flow. [61] As with the group that eventually sank Kretschmer ten days later, they were experienced and competent. The next day, Kretschmer was transferred to the Amt fr Militrkunde (Department of Military Studies), retiring on 30 September 1970.[18]. Comes with leather case and all lens protectors.- 3) Swift Falcon wide angle fully coated optics. Six months later, on 15 December, he officially became Flottillenadmiral. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. This was not OTTO KRETSCHMER! Otto Kretschmer was the most successful U-boat commander of the Second World War. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? The Reichsmarine was renamed the Kriegsmarine, a Nazi creation. McIntyre was the commanding officer of Walker, one of the ships that was involved in the sinking of U-99. 8x40 model no. The boat went to the yard for repairs and. Kretschmer was born in Heidau in what is now part of Poland, but then belonged to Germany. [53] In December Kretschmer tried to intercept Convoy HX 90 but encountered only stragglers. "He prided himself on being able to take advantage of whatever the passing moment offered and made no elaborate plans for attacking convoys. Kretschmer attempted to sink the ship with gunfire, but return fire and the appearance of an aircraft forced him to submerge. Paterson: Kretschmer was the most successful U-boat captain of the Second World War, and the term 'scoring' relates to the total tonnage of shipping that he sank while commander of both U23 and U99. Later, a mated pair of swans came by with their offspring, about six cygnets, and they were looking for food as well. OTTO replied;It was necessary. On 16 June 1956, he was tasked with the creation of 1. Such were his expertise, he re-joined the navy in 1955. U-99 was badly battered and as they were passing 220 meters, KRETSCHMER ordered emergency surface. Not the crew of U-99. Despite being captured, the German nay continued to promote him, and even awarded him he Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords - only the fifth member of the German armed forces to receive the accolade. Klaus Bargsten served aboard U-99 under Kretschmer, before being promoted to captain himself and becoming the sole survivor of U-521 on 2 June 1942. Kretschmer sank six and disabled a seventh. Karl Dnitz, Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote (BdU), ordered attacks on Allied shipping at sea, beginning the Battle of the Atlantic. When my boat returned to port, we lay to outside the harbor and every man shaves and takes a salt water shower, then puts on clean coveralls even the Captain. From September 1939 until his capture in March 1941 he sank 44 ships, including one warship, a total of 274,333 tons. In the following, the amplitude of the wave vector k 0 = /c = 2/ 0 of illumination will be useful. Laurentic and Patroclus were attacked on the night of 3/4 November. After completing his officer training and time on the training ship Niobe he served . In doing so, both the effectiveness and limitations of Kretschmers tactics are clarified and put into the context of the Battle of the Atlantic. In his bunk, OTTO felt the sharp downward angle of the boat and was immediately on his feet as the bridge watch tumbled past him all by Schnee, and now green water was flooding through the open hatch from the Zentralle to the conning tower. He was the fifth member of the German armed forces to be so honored. He met Adolf Hitler on more than once occasion, even having lunch with the Fhrer. [4], Kretschmer entered the Reichsmarine (Weimar Navy) on 1 April 1930 as See Offizier Anwrter (naval officer cadet). HMS WALKER had drifted several hundred yards from the spot U-99 had disappeared and, still wearing his full set of leathers AND sea boots (filled with water), OTTO made the difficult swim to HMS WALKER only to grab onto the scramble nets as the destroyer was beginning to pick up speed they didnt know he was on the nets! On 1 October 1937, Kretschmer took command of U-23. His whole demeanour was calm and quiet, and he seemed anxious to be friendly; he was also less suspicious of British Officers than was his First Lieutenant. [38] Acts of compassion in submarine warfare were "selective and fickle", one historian wrote when describing Kretschmer's rescue of a lone man in a raft. He commissioned U-99 on 18 April 1940 which was part of the 7th U-boat Flotilla. Keep me logged in. [35] U-99's first patrol ended in Wilhelmshaven on 25 June. Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords, Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, "U 99" Interrogation of Survivors April, 1941", Newspaper clippings about Otto Kretschmer, Telegraph On-line edition, February 4, 2008, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Kretschmer&oldid=1125960308, Efficient lookouts are of prime importance, It is essential not simply to spot the target, but to spot it in good time, Lone ships should be attacked on the surface with gunfire in order to save expensive torpedoes, Survivors should be assisted when possible, Convoys should be attacked in daylight only if it is not feasible to wait for nightfall, Attack at night from the dark side of the convoy, so that the target is silhouetted and the submarine is in shadow, When there is little or no moonlight, attack from the windward side (to avoid a visible white bow-wave when motoring into the wind), Fire one torpedo per target, not fanned salvoes, Once an attack is launched, do not submerge except in circumstances of dire necessity. 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