How did the Punic Wars affect the development of the Roman Republic? At the same time, the Carthaginians, who felt no less severely the financial strain of the prolonged struggle, reduced their forces and made no attempt to deliver a counterattack. She cared for them for years. [175][183] Hannibal marched through the richest and most fertile provinces of Italy, hoping the devastation would draw Fabius into battle, but Fabius refused. [82][83][84] A Carthaginian base on Corsica was seized, but an attack on Sardinia was repulsed; the base on Corsica was then lost. Land operations were largely confined to raids, sieges and interdiction; in 23 years of war on Sicily there were only two full-scale pitched battles. [111] Carthage turned to the maritime offensive, inflicting another heavy naval defeat at the battle of Phintias and all but swept the Romans from the sea. Cities in Italy became overcrowded, and Rome became the most populous city in Europe and West Asia.What led to the Punic Wars and how did they affect Rome?What caused the Punic Wars, and how did they affect Rome? The Punic Wars are also considered to include the four-year-long revolt against Carthage which started in 241 BC. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The end result was that Rome defeated Carthage and went on to dominate both the western and eastern halves of the Mediterranean. The campaign ended in disaster for the Carthaginians and their army surrendered. Nevertheless, their victory must have been bittersweet. He and his wife raised the boys. In 207BC, after recruiting heavily in Gaul, Hasdrubal crossed the Alps into Italy in an attempt to join his brother, Hannibal, but was defeated before he could. [121] This new fleet effectively blockaded the Carthaginian garrisons. Carthage and Rome. [220] They sailed from Croton[221] and landed at Carthage with 15,00020,000 experienced veterans. Many historians believe that if Hannibal had pressed on and taken Rome, the second Punic war would have swung heavily in favor of the Carthaginians. The Storm Before the Storm: The Beginning of the End of the Roman Republic. The challenge the nascent Roman Empire faced wasn't just that their opponents were bigger than them. It was the long-standing Roman procedure to elect two men each year as senior magistrates, known as consuls, who at time of war would each lead an army. The nearly 20-year conflict pitted Rome against Carthage and became a turning point in Roman history. Cato is remembered for his rallying cry, Carthage must be destroyed! which some historians have cited as an early support for genocide. This was insufficient to challenge Hannibal's army in open battle, but sufficient to force him to concentrate his forces and to hamper his movements. Thank you for your help! These roles would be reversed after the First Punic War and the Carthaginians progressively lost more power, wealth, and prestige in the later conflicts. A freelance writer and former part-time Professor of Philosophy at Marist College, New York, Joshua J. [75][79][80] The Romans built a navy to challenge Carthage's,[81] and using the corvus inflicted a major defeat at the battle of Mylae in 260BC. How did Julius Caesar influence the Roman leaders who came after him? In this fight, Romulus killed Remus. The Punic wars would have ended early, Carthage would have colonized Italy and gone on to become the dominant superpower in the Mediterranean, significantly altering European history as we know it. His defiant policy was too popular to be disavowed, however. Carthage was compelled to give up its fleet and pay a significant indemnity to Rome in silver as a result of Hannibals defeats in the Second Punic War, effectively ending Carthages empire in the western Mediterranean and giving Rome control over Spain.What effect did the Punic wars have on small Roman farmers?By the end of the Second Punic War, much of the land had been destroyed; small farmers could not afford to restore the land; Patricians and wealthy businesspeople bought small farms and combined them to make latifundias. [22] During this period of Roman expansion Carthage, with its capital in what is now Tunisia, had come to dominate southern Iberia, much of the coastal regions of North Africa, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia and the western half of Sicily in a thalassocracy. Is it possible to pick up an accent as an adult. |-|-|-|-| Both were wealthy cities competing for land. [132][133], By early 237BC, after numerous setbacks, the rebels were defeated and their cities brought back under Carthaginian rule. Carthage's new allies felt little sense of community with Carthage, or even with each other. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Rome's army gained new soldiers from conquered territories. The first war broke out after a group of mercenaries seized control of Messana [50][51] When armies were campaigning, surprise attacks, ambushes and stratagems were common. A fresh Roman army attacked the main Carthaginian stronghold on the island, Agrigentum, in 210BC and the city was betrayed to the Romans by a discontented Carthaginian officer. The Carthaginian senate refused to comply and so began the Second Punic War. They went from paying a small amount of taxes to paying no taxes. [106][107], Slowly the Romans had occupied most of Sicily; in 250BC they besieged the last two Carthaginian strongholds Lilybaeum and Drepana in the extreme west. Sources. 1,200 talents was approximately 30,000kg (30 long tons) of silver. Updates? [177] Hannibal attempted to draw the main Roman army under Gaius Flaminius into a pitched battle by devastating the area they had been sent to protect,[178] provoking Flaminius into a hasty pursuit without proper reconnaissance. If you were the subject of the flyer given, how would you feel? While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. As a result of these three wars, Carthage was destroyed, its people were sold into slavery, and Rome gained control of the western Mediterranean. and a major victory in the Battle of Ecnomus in 256 B.C. Scipio was not able to prevent Hasdrubal from leading his depleted army through the western passes of the Pyrenees into Gaul. The Punic Wars were a series of wars between 264 and 146BC fought between Rome and Carthage. Related Content Which statement best describes Julius Caesar's legacy? First, the amount of casualties in numerous wars, such as the Punic Wars in which 300,000 were estimated to have died, negatively impacted the number of Roman farmers. The First Punic War was fought to establish control over the strategic islands of Corsica and Sicily. A treaty was agreed in 201BC which stripped Carthage of its overseas territories and some of its African ones; imposed a large indemnity; severely restricted the size of its armed forces; and prohibited Carthage from waging war without Rome's express permission. While Carthage was unhappy with this development, there was little they could do about it. to prevent one person from having too much power. Copy. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Advertisement. Archimedes before being killed by the Roman soldier copy of a Roman mosaic from the 2nd century, 2nd centuryBC marble bust, identified as Scipio Africanus. Consuls could veto each other's decisions. Rome's population fell after a famine and a plague. . [182] Fabius introduced the Fabian strategy of avoiding open battle with his opponent, but constantly skirmishing with small detachments of the enemy. In 218 Hannibal attacked Roman territory, starting from Spain and marching overland into Italy with troops and elephants. - In the First Punic War, Rome gained . Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. The main Roman camp was in a swamp, which caused an outbreak of disease during the summer. The loss of naval supremacy not only deprived the Carthaginians of their predominance in the western Mediterranean but exposed their overseas empire to disintegration under renewed attacks by Rome. Punic Wars, also known as Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. [244] The decisive battle of Zama followed in October 202BC. Hannibals daring elephantine invasion of Rome reached its height at the Battle of Cannae in 216 B.C., where he used his superior cavalry to surround a Roman army twice the size of his own and inflict massive casualties. Hannibal, leading the Barcid Empire, and allied to the Carthagians, crossed the Alps and invaded Italy in a series of highly successful battles. By the terms of the peace treaty Carthage paid large reparations and Sicily was annexed as a Roman province. Did you know? How did the results of the First Punic War lead to the Second Punic War? First Punic War, also called First Carthaginian War, (264-241 bce) first of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire that resulted in the destruction of Carthage. [266] The Romans launched an assault on the walls; after confused fighting they broke into the city, but, lost in the dark, withdrew. It entered Gaul and took an inland route, to avoid the Roman allies to the south. The Roman senator Cato the Elder took the threat so seriously that he would end all of his speeches, no matter the subject, with the phrase, And, further, I think that Carthage should be destroyed. In 149 BCE Rome sent an embassy to Carthage suggesting exactly that course: that the city should be dismantled and moved inland away from the coast. [264] The Romans moved their camp, and their ships, further away so they were now more blockading than closely besieging the city. It is a combination of hills, mountains, and plains. [93] The Romans sent a fleet to evacuate their survivors and the Carthaginians opposed it at the battle of Cape Hermaeum (modern Cape Bon); the Carthaginians were again heavily defeated. He thought that Caesar was a danger to the entire republic. One of those disinherited was the Numidian prince Masinissa, who was thus driven into the arms of Rome. Wars between Rome and Carthage, 264 to 146 BC. They went to war against Numidia, were defeated, and had to then pay that nation another war debt. [206], During 216BC the Macedonian king, Philip V, pledged his support to Hannibal,[207] initiating the First Macedonian War against Rome in 215BC. Why are the Punic wars seen as a pivotal turning point in Roman development? Hannibal set an ambush and in the battle of Lake Trasimene completely defeated the Roman army, killing 15,000 Romans, including Flaminius, and taking 15,000 prisoners. Over the next decades, Rome took over control of both Corsica and Sardinia as well, but Carthage was able to establish a new base of influence in Spain beginning in 237 B.C., under the leadership of the powerful general Hamilcar Barca and, later, his son-in-law Hasdrubal. Campaigns of the Second Punic WarYassineMrabet (GNU FDL). 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