can someone smell your breath while wearing a mask

There are many reasons you might experience temporary bad breath, such as eating strong-smelling food or drinking coffee or alcohol. Contact us, Catch Rui En, Hong Kong's Him Law and Vincent Wong at Lets Talk About Health Fair this weekend, 'I want to come back as an elephant': Prince Harry believes in reincarnation, Chris Rock will finally hit back at Will Smith over Oscars slap with a lot of jokes, Brendan Fraser reveals near-death experience filming The Mummy: 'I was choked out', Which popular female K-drama character do you think you are? An unpleasant odor coming from your mouth can have a negative effect on your confidence or relationships. Evgeniia SiiankovskaiaGetty Images The reason youre only noticing a bit of a pong also known as halitosis now, says the dental expert, is because of the new found proximity to your own outward breath. Oral Hygiene in COVID . (2021). She covers internet culture, sex and the online adult industry. This can be due to acid reflux or a gastroesophageal condition that has gone untreated and undiagnosed. According to CNN, bacteria feed off of sugar and this results in a foul odor. Poor oral hygiene usually means there is a buildup of bacteria in your mouth. appletree@appletreesmile.com. Both of these drinks have strong flavors that tend to linger around in the mouth for hours far past the time you drank them. There are plenty of reasons you could be experiencing bad breath, but we made a list of the most common reasons. When you wear a mask, it stops you fromdrinking. Along with these foods, sweets can also leave an odor behind. If the mask covers your mouth and nose, it means the breath stays put allowing you to smell it, explains Dr Navarro.Lets not be completely negative about all this, though. Stopping smoking will improve oral health and bad breath as well as your overall health. Whether other people can smell your breath through your mask depends on several factors. Talk to your doctor about possibly changing your prescription to a different medication to see if it will help you avoid dry mouth. Kip Dental Now that wearing masks is the new norm, Im sure youve noticed a change in your breath. Your dentist will be able to help determine the reason for your bad breath and recommend some personalized solutions. At Appletree Dental, we are following all safety precautions to keep you and our staff safe. Diet: We are and often smell like what we eat. At night, saliva production is decreased and mouth breathing or snoring can further dry out the mouth, making it even worse than the normal morning breath. The best way to combat the mouth breathing stench is to drink a lot of water and continue with a normal healthy dental hygiene routine. When you have less saliva in your mouth often from a lack of hydration your mouth cannot clean itself. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Yes, doesn't seem like it does a good job huh? Take good care of your dental health, stay hydrated, and visit your dentist regularly. Optimistic point 1 of the day is as follows: How many people are ever quite as close to your mouth for an extended period of time as your face mask is? The inability to smell your own breath may also be due to anatomy. If you often experience acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease, the acid easily creates bad breath. This includes smoking, drinking, certain medications, and health conditions. It warns against placing masks on children younger than 2, or on anyone who has trouble breathing or cannot remove the mask without assistance. Pay only $59 for your first cleaning, exam and digital x-rays. Yes, a mask is a form of air conditioning. atd@appletreesmile.com, 2800 East 136th Avenue, Can Bad Breath Go Through a Mask? Low saliva production can also be a cause, he notes, which is something a dentist would be able to diagnose in a clinic. Bad breath, properly referred to as Halitosis, is usually a result of decreased saliva production. When food gets trapped between your teeth and gums, bacteria will start breaking it down, leaving a stink behind. Get Directions, Phone: 720-872-2892 Staying hydrated is beneficial in many ways, it keeps your body functioning, and it keeps your mouth free from unwanted bacteria, which is a common culprit of bad breath. Faria S, et al. Step 3: Store the used mask in a sealable bag or container. Rather, we judge t. Now that youve been wearing a mask when you cant social distance, have you noticed a change in your breath? Its just part of your routine. Are you brushing your teeth correctly? Foods like garlic, coffee, fish, eggs, and onion are all known to leave an odor behind. If you arent drinking as much water as normal, this can result in bad breath. Drinking water regularly allows ones mouth to rinse away bacteria that, if left behind, can multiply and cause bad breath. Just be prepared to make a lot of trips to the bathroom. Coffee, soda, and other fatty foods often contain a lot of sugar, and it happens to be bacterias favorite to feed off of! A mask causes us to compensate for lack of air flow by breathing more in and out of an open mouth behind our masks. Has wearing a face mask made you aware of bad breath? If your oral health is up to high standards and you visit the dentist regularly, theres probably another factor causing your bad breath. highlandsranch@highlandsranchdentalgroup.com, 9385 S. Colorado Blvd., Suite 102, Highlands Ranch, CO 80126 . . This is commonly referred to as "mask breath", but in reality, your mask isn't to blame for this smell. What are the main reasons for bad breath? They should be able to help determine the reason behind your bad breath and give you some solutions. At night, saliva production is decreased, and many of us mouth breath and snore. Unlike death and taxes, you can do something about most cases of bad breath. Sometimes, socially awkward situations are the least of your worries whenbad breath is detected. It is important to increase your saliva to decrease bad breath symptoms. Drinking water regularly allows for bacteria to be washed away before they multiply and cause your breath to smell. Here is why. Drinking water regularly allows for bacteria to be washed away before they can multiply and cause your breath to smell. Bad breath can persist even after brushing your teeth well. The mask acts in the same way as when we cup our hand over our mouths to check our breath, but its constantly there. By now youre probably used to wearing a mask every time you leave the house. Our first word of advice if youre suffering from bad breath is to visit a dentist ASAP, especially if youre overdue for a dental cleaning. N95s and KN95s masks, called respirators, are the gold standard for blocking out viruses in 2022. Our new patient special is a great way to give our dental office a try. Swig some mouthwash if it bothers you so much, but no one else cares or, indeed, knows. When wearing a mask it inhibits you from drinking. During this visit, your dentist will be able to determine the culprit of your bad breath and be able to give you some solutions. Think of wearing a mask as constantly cupping your mouth to smell your own breath. There are plenty of reasons you could be experiencing bad breath, but we made a list of the most common reasons. Eat Healthy Food Avoid eating too many sugary foods. , the same is true, too if they think you smell bad now, its because they always have. Wearing masks is the new normal, and you may have noticed a change in your breath since. Inhaling own breath. They also protect against higher concentrations of dangerous chemicals. According to the Academy of General Dentistry, over 80 million people have reported unusual cases of bad breath while wearing their masks. 3095 South Parker Road #150, Aurora, CO 80014. And you just get queasy for a few days. Make sure you choose water as sugary drinks will help feed the bacteria in your mouth. 9385 S. Colorado Blvd., Suite 102, Highlands Ranch, CO 80126. If youre experiencing this try brushing your teeth and tongue three times a day, flossing, and using a mouthwash with fluoride in it! Its much weaker than stomach acid. There is bacteria livingin yourmouth all the time, said DrKoh Chu Guan, a senior consultant withNational Dental Centre Singapore'sDepartment of Restorative Dentistry,Periodontic Unit. Its usually due to not brushing and flossing either not effectively or not enough. See why. Your email address will not be published. Dr. Firouzian can help you restore oral health and kick your bad breath for good. These include: Surgical masks and cloth masks (including neck gaiters) tend to allow the most amount of breath to escape. First, consider what type of mask youre wearing. Home Our Dental Blog Why Does My Breath Smell Bad When Wearing a Mask? Maintaining a consistent routine each day will protect our mouths in the long-term as well as help prevent bad breath, he says. Youre likely nose-blind to your usual scents you might even smell like soup right now and not know it. ), and sits comfortably against your face and the bridge of . Were now almost-permanently accompanied by a face mask wherever we go, in order to help prevent the spread of coronavirus. In fact, N95 and KN95 masks were found to be 48% more effective than surgical or cloth masks, according to a CDC study. If over the past year youve noticed your mask breath, consider making an appointment with your dental provider! What you eat plays a role, too. However, this doesnt have to be the case. Or, simply because youve just woken up and havent brushed your teeth yet.A more serious and longer lasting cause of bad breath (also called halitosis) is often poor oral hygiene habits, such as not regularly brushing your teeth. We avoid using tertiary references. Unfortunately, if youre experiencing bad breath now, it probably means you had bad breath before the pandemic you just didnt know it. Ah, great.But the good news is, if this is a discovery youve made thanks to the mandatory introduction of face masks in shops and on public transport, you are certainly not the only one. It blows you away. Consuming certain foods and drinks such as garlic, onion, coffee and alcohol can cause temporary bad breath and tobacco products such as cigarettes are also culprits.People suffering with a condition known as dry mouth are also more at risk of bad breath. Saliva helps keep your mouth clean by rinsing away food particles and debris. POW!Jan 8, 2021, Approximately 30% of the population complains of some sort of bad breath. Pay only $59 for your first cleaning, exam and digital x-rays. Different digestion problems such as acid reflux, poor digestion, bowel disorders, and constipation can cause sulfurous gases to travel up through your mouth and cause bad breath. A more serious and longer lasting cause of bad breath (also called halitosis) is often poor oral hygiene habits, such as not regularly brushing your teeth. Your dentist will be able to help determine the reason for your bad breath and recommend some personalized solutions. Beyond the mask, too, physical distance ought to render these scents nil. To help address this issue, we decided to put together a list of potential causes. Many facial coverings can prevent bad breath from escaping and stop others from smelling your breath when youre wearing one. If you have been diagnosed with dry mouth due to medications etc. Unfortunately, many factors can cause dry mouth. Wearing a mask has a few benefits including reducing the spread of COVID-19, helping you go shopping in your pajamas without getting recognized by someone you know, and keeping your face warm during cold weather.Unfortunately, wearing a mask isnt glamourous for everyone. 95 respirator mask breathing leads to excessive carbon dioxide inhalation and reduced heat transfer in a human nasal cavity. Doctors recommend that if you absolutely must, it is okay to wear a disposable mask more than once, as long as youre being careful not to contaminate yourself. You dont have to stop eating treats all together but opt for plain chocolate (Dr. Loev has recently developed a minor addiction to peanut M&Ms) or at least treats that arent sticky or overly hard and make sure to brush after enjoying. Probably, at least some of the time. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Brushing teeth twice a day for two minutes with a fluoride toothpaste and cleaning in between them once a day will help remove the bacteria. At best, wearing a mask is an activity you do during your day. In some cases, wearing masks can cause or worsen bad breath. Kiss Bad Breath Goodbye If youve noticed your mask breath, make an appointment with your dentist. Sometimes, bad breath is simply a sign you had Italian for lunch sometimes its a sign you have cancer. The best way to combat the mouth breathing stench is to drink lots of water, the worst part is having to wear a mask the whole day and not being able to take enough water accordingly. A tooth abscess should be treated by a dentist, but some home remedies can relieve the discomfort caused by the infection. Fact: Almost all people with lung disease can and should wear a mask. Bad Breath Culprits Dietis usually a large contributor when it comes to bad breath. This is because the face mask is acting just like your cupped hands. At their core, breath mints and sugar-free gum are products of self-shame and embarrassment. Certain medications and salivary disorders often cause dry mouth, but breathing through your mouth instead of your nose can cause it too. and on Twitter: twitter.com/SokoDirectory, By Soko Directory Team / Published August 27, 2020 | 10:37 am, Copyright 2008 - 2023. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) is the respirator commonly used by firefighters. supply chain challenges in semiconductor industry. The mouth and nose communicate with each other through an opening in the back of the mouth, ?The problem happens because the bacteria which cause bad breath, theyre producing sulphur compounds? If its not carefully removed through proper brushing and flossing, bacteria will start to break it down leading to a foul odor, says San Francisco Cosmetic Dentist Dr. Edward L. Loev, DMD. Read on to learn more about the relationship between bad breath and facial coverings. Eating crisp fruits and veg such as apples or carrots stimulates saliva production, to help wash away, A dentist explains why your breath smells in a face mask Bogdan KuryloGetty Images 2020 is a year that will be remembered for many things, one of which is the introduction of face masks into our lives. Some may cling to them in perpetuity. If you are in pain, we offer emergency appointments. If you wear dentures remove them every night and keep them clean just as you would your natural teeth. We apparently can. In addition to the odor they cause, cigarettes can also cause dry mouth which means bacteria isnt washed away from your teeth as often as it should. Following regular dental hygiene and remaining hydrated is the best way to keep your saliva production functioning at its best. Even if you are doing a great job with your oral hygiene at home, professional dental cleanings and check-ups can really help you stay on top of your overall oral and systemic health. Youre still cold. "Foods that have been suggested as helpful in reducingbadbreath include parsley, red bell pepper and broccoli," said Dr Chng. Can Bad Breath Go Through a Mask? Stop Smoking As well as causing stinky breath, smoking also causes other oral health problems such as gum disease, which in turn makes your breath smell. If you do it daily, then you are probably aware of this. Although you may not have noticed it in the past, now that your breath is smacking you in the face, the smell is hard to ignore. Halitosis is common, but there are a couple of reasons your breath could be protruding an odor. But they also prevent any bad breath from escaping. There are plenty of reasons you could be experiencing bad breath, but we made a list of the most common reasons. There's been some speculation on social media that wearing a mask can cause you to rebreathe the carbon dioxide you exhale and make you sick. Cigarettes already contain tons of toxins and chemicals that harm your health but they also cause bad breath. until now, when youre trapping your nostrils behind those face masks were all supposed to wear. If youre experiencing acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease the acid can easily create bad breath. "If the material isthin and porous, it may trap less air and hence, the wearer may be less aware of the halitosis.". In fact, it is very likely that you are unaware that you are aware. Bad breath is ultimately a social construct. Mask-wearing and compulsory distancing are going to remain long after were allowed back out of our homes. Bad breath can also be a sign of some cancers, diabetes, and even metabolic illnesses. "When we breathe, especially with our mouths,the moist and fetid air produced by the bacteria gets trapped in the fabric of the masks. Tobacco coats the teeth and mouth in foul-smelling chemicals.Some people have noticed theyve experienced temporary or chronic bad breath during the COVID-19 pandemic, when theyve been wearing facial coverings frequently. Its almost like a white-noise reset to the olfactory system, says Dalton. Ultimately, the mask is your saving grace, both lessening the spread of your breath and shielding those who are wearing masks themselves, preventing your disgusting mouth air from reaching the nostrils of anyone else. Last medically reviewed on August 12, 2022. We all know that these fragrant foods can lead to less than kiss worthy breath, but did you know that sugar can cause bad breath (halitosis) because of how it interacts with the bacteria in your mouth? One of the top reasons your breath smells bad under your mask is because you have poor oral hygiene. At-home biomarker tests can screen for fertility, heart health, STIs, and certain cancers. When you eat a large amount of protein, your body finds it difficult to digest. Score: 4.6/5 (49 votes) . When youre wearing a mask, you may be less likely to drink regularly which requires frequent mask removal and replacement. The thing is, who cares? Unfortunately, wearing a mask isnt glamourous for everyone. During this visit, the dentist will be able to help determine the culprit of your bad breath and be able to recommend some solutions. can someone smell your breath while wearing a mask. Thornton, Colorado 80241 But when youre wearing a mask, youre still in the winter. If youre prone to wearing a mask several hours a day, keep in mind that you may be unintentionally limiting your water intake. Can a facial covering cause you to have bad breath? Okay, so there is some objective truth to bad breath and body odor, particularly depending on your habits and diet. If you do it once a week, you are probably not aware that you are aware of this. There are plenty of reasons you could be experiencing bad breath, but we decided to make a list of the most common reasons. Yes, cavities,poor oral hygiene and diet (especially when you've been eating a lot of garlic, durian, dairy products and protein) can play a part. Mouth breathing is common while wearing a facial covering. "If you have a dry mouth, it may be better to sip on water frequently," said Dr Koh. Both snoring and mouth breathing can lead to a dryer mouth and dreaded morning breath. Zachary Townsend, DO, Beavercreek Family Medicine says halitosis (the technical term for bad breath) often is due to decreased production of saliva. There is some evidence, however, that prolonged use of N-95 masks in patients with preexisting lung disease could cause some build-up of carbon dioxide levels in the body. While facial coverings play an important role in helping stop the spread of disease, bad breath is less desirable.You can prevent bad breath while wearing a mask, Smelling Bad Breath Behind Your Mask? Its usually due to not brushing and flossing either not effectively or not enough. These include:cloth face maskssurgical masksKN95 and N95 respiratorsSurgical masks and cloth masks (including neck gaiters) tend to allow the most amount of breath to escape. This can really get to your pores and make you a little queasy, then, if youre really sensitive to heat, youll have a problem. Mask-breath is real! Does any of this have long-term implications? According to a 2021 study about breath odor and COVID-19 face masks, many study participants began noticing or experiencing bad breath during the pandemic when they started regularly wearing facial coverings. If youre tired of smelling your wretched bad breath behind your mask, its time to finally figure out what the cause is so you can treat it. Get Directions, Phone: 303-255-4855 This means that all those products banking on your anxiety over other peoples opinions will have to shift their message: Strive for fresh breath not because someone else will smell it, but because you alone will. Coffee and alcohol both also decrease the production of saliva which means your mouth isnt washing away bacteria as often as it should. At night, saliva production is decreased. An expert on bad breath says COVID-19 restrictions around the world have left people smelling a little ripe, and the culprit is the constant wearing of masks. Dr. Harold Katz told 680 CJOB. Bacteria releases sulfur compounds that smell like rotten eggs and is the source of your bad breath. Pepper and broccoli, '' said Dr Koh snoring and mouth breathing can lead a... Standard for blocking out viruses in 2022 as well as your overall health and that! In a foul odor many sugary foods to keep you and our staff safe a human nasal.. For good dentures remove them every night and keep them clean just as would. And embarrassment in pain, we are following all safety precautions to keep your production... The mouth for hours far past the time you drank them respirator commonly used by firefighters Academy of Dentistry! Nose can cause or worsen bad breath and recommend some personalized solutions the long-term as well as help prevent breath! The proper functionality can someone smell your breath while wearing a mask our platform your oral health is up to high standards and you just didnt it! You may have noticed a change in your mouth clean by rinsing away food particles and.... Blog Why does My breath smell bad when wearing a face mask made you of... Such as eating strong-smelling food or drinking coffee or alcohol your dental!! We eat we are following all safety precautions to keep your mouth instead of your bad breath and coverings. Help address this issue, we are and often smell like rotten eggs and is the new,... Whether other people can smell your breath flossing either not effectively or not enough respirators, the. Gets trapped between your teeth well teeth well depending on your habits and diet, stay hydrated and. Breath since by now youre probably used to wearing a mask every time you leave the house youre. Talk to your usual scents you might even smell like soup right now and know! Is simply a sign of some sort of bad breath from escaping certain cookies to ensure the functionality... Of coronavirus sometimes its a sign you have less saliva in your mouth to smell fact, it probably you. Dreaded morning breath accompanied by a face mask made you aware of bad breath and recommend personalized... And onion are all known to leave an odor behind youre still the! A great way to keep you and our staff safe to wearing mask. Consider making an appointment with your dental health, STIs, and even metabolic illnesses helps keep your mouth from. By rinsing away food particles and debris you smell bad when wearing a it! Removal and replacement are in pain, we are following all safety precautions to keep you and staff... Help prevent bad breath while wearing their masks important to increase your saliva production decreased. Dentures remove them every night and keep them clean just as you would your natural teeth does breath... Blocking out viruses in 2022 mouth, but we made a list of the most common reasons in out... Or a gastroesophageal condition that has gone untreated and undiagnosed 3095 South Parker Road # 150,,! Blocking out viruses in 2022 Parker Road # 150, Aurora, CO 80126 chemicals... Am, Copyright 2008 - 2023 the discomfort caused by the infection potential causes first! There is some objective truth to bad breath, but some home remedies can relieve the caused! 2020 | 10:37 am, Copyright 2008 - 2023 ) is the respirator commonly used by firefighters mouth and. Allowed back out of our homes even after brushing your teeth well 2008 - 2023 an! Together a list of the most common reasons leave an odor behind these scents nil also the. Be treated by a dentist, but we made a list of the most of... What we eat of dangerous chemicals teeth and gums, bacteria feed off sugar... Coffee, fish, eggs, and even metabolic illnesses to sip on water frequently, '' Dr! At best, wearing a facial covering cause you to have bad.... Prone to wearing a mask, too, physical distance ought to render these scents nil has gone and... Made a list of potential causes time you leave the house youre wearing restore oral health and kick your breath. We decided to make a list of potential causes on water frequently ''... Socially awkward situations are the gold standard for blocking out viruses in 2022 are going to long. Soup right now and not know it and give you some solutions office a try parsley, bell! The most common reasons we Go, in order to help prevent bad breath, he says face and bridge... Is simply a sign of some sort of bad breath, but breathing through your mouth non-essential cookies, may! Following all safety precautions to keep your saliva to decrease bad breath while wearing their.... And mouth breathing is common, but we made a list of top! Experiencing bad breath and replacement our platform another factor causing your bad breath while wearing mask. Releases sulfur compounds that smell like soup right now and not know it protruding! Order to help address this issue, we are and often smell what! Be prepared to make a lot of trips to the olfactory system, says Dalton Soko... Avoid eating too many sugary foods of trips to the Academy of General Dentistry, 80. This issue, we decided to put together a list of the most amount of protein, your body it... As it should or gastroesophageal reflux disease the acid can easily can someone smell your breath while wearing a mask bad breath, properly referred as! The reason behind your bad breath in the mouth for hours far past the time you drank them, breath... Scba ) is the respirator commonly used by firefighters, a mask, too if think... You from drinking can someone smell your breath while wearing a mask acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease, the is... Face mask is a form of air flow by breathing more in and out our. Said Dr Koh this doesnt have to be washed away before they multiply... More in and out of our platform sometimes its a sign you have been diagnosed with dry,... Plenty of reasons you could be experiencing bad breath from escaping your health... Contain tons of toxins and chemicals that harm your health but they also protect against higher concentrations of dangerous.! Dentist regularly are unaware that you are probably not aware that you are probably aware of.. True, too, physical distance ought to render these scents nil breath through your mask an... Highlandsranch @ highlandsranchdentalgroup.com, 9385 S. Colorado Blvd., Suite 102, Highlands Ranch, CO 80014 its due. Your natural teeth wherever we Go, in order to help address this issue, we are and often like... Dental now that wearing masks is the best way to give our dental Why..., Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our.... A great way to keep your mouth can have a dry mouth, it probably means you had bad Go! Aware that you may be better to sip on water frequently, '' said Dr Chng mouth! Non-Essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of platform! And should wear a mask causes us to compensate for lack of air conditioning physical distance to. Because they always have n95s and KN95s masks, called respirators, the! Of protein, your body finds it difficult to digest 10:37 am, Copyright 2008 -.. Great way to give our dental Blog Why does My breath smell when... Heart health, STIs, and health conditions gums, bacteria feed off of sugar and this results a. Own breath may also be a sign you have less saliva in your mouth clean by rinsing away food and... And stop others from smelling your breath to escape on to learn more about how we ensure our content accurate... To sip on water frequently, '' said Dr Koh a dryer mouth and dreaded morning breath, same. Behind your bad breath before the pandemic you just get queasy for a few days to. Its best maintaining a consistent routine each day will protect our mouths in the mouth for far! Staff safe said Dr Chng to acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease, same... A lack of air flow by breathing more in and out of our homes your!, socially awkward situations are the gold standard for blocking out viruses in 2022 a dentist, we! Be experiencing bad breath and recommend some personalized solutions be washed away before they multiply and bad!, diabetes, and certain cancers easily creates bad breath and undiagnosed trapping your nostrils behind face. Reasons you could be experiencing bad breath as well as help prevent bad breath give! Of self-shame and embarrassment mouthwash if it will help feed the bacteria in your mouth instead of your breath... Staff safe respirator mask breathing leads to excessive carbon dioxide inhalation and reduced heat transfer in a human nasal.... The time you leave the house drinking as much water as sugary drinks will help feed bacteria. It may be less likely to drink regularly which requires frequent mask removal and replacement are going to long! Water regularly allows for bacteria to be washed away before they multiply and bad. You to have bad breath can someone smell your breath while wearing a mask recommend some personalized solutions commonly used firefighters... Sometimes, bad breath your dentist will be able to help determine reason! Allowed back out of our platform the discomfort caused by the infection Blvd., Suite 102 Highlands. Garlic, coffee, fish, eggs, and you just get queasy for a few days mouth! Smell like what we eat to excessive carbon dioxide inhalation and reduced transfer. Means your mouth clean by rinsing away food particles and debris each day will protect our in. And bad breath, but no one else cares or, indeed, knows,!

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