A) Pressure of the environment - lower P = slower magma cooling. B. magma mixing Peacock, M. A. C. Amphibole - pyroxene - biotite - olivine Regardless, when a diapir cools, it forms a mass of intrusive rock called a pluton. d. Figure 3.3.1, 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.3.6, 3.3.7, 3.3.8: Steven Earle. F. olivine A sill is a concordant intrusion that runs parallel to the sedimentary layers in the country rock. A. crystal settling D) considered "volcanic" rocks because they form from lava extruded at the surface; considered "plutonic" rocks because they form from magma beneath the surface. D) texture and mineral composition Young, emerging subvolcanic intrusion cutting through older one, Xenolith (solid rock of high melting temperature which has been transported within the magma from deep below) or roof pendant (fragment of the roof of the magma chamber that has detached from the roof and sunk into the melt), Contact metamorphism in the country rock adjacent to the magma chamber (caused by the heat of the magma), Uplift at the surface due to laccolith emplacement in the near sub-ground, Active magma chamber (called pluton when cooled and entirely crystallized; a batholith is a large rock body composed of several plutonic intrusions), Old pegmatite (late-magmatic dyke formed by aggressive and highly mobile residual melts of a magma chamber). 3. phaneritic A rock that chiefly consists of pegmatitic texture is known as a pegmatite. These differences in chemical composition are directly related to differences in gas content, temperature, and viscosity. While normal geothermal sources average around 60 to 80Celsius (140 to 176 Fahrenheit), the magma wells steam reached a record-breaking temperature of 450 Celsius (842 Fahrenheit)! Using Figure 3.3.8, predict what phenocrysts might be present where the magma cooled as far as line a in one case, and line b in another. This relates to the cooling history of the molten magma from which it came. Which of the following minerals crystallize early in Bowen's reaction series? Over millions of years, the magma in this subduction zone can create a series of active volcanoes known as a volcanic arc. 1. andesite A xenolith is a piece of rock trapped in another type of rock. When volcanoes erupt explosively, vast amounts of lava, rock, ash, and gases are thrown into the atmosphere. A) andesite Gases, ash, and light-colored rock are emitted first, from the least-dense, top layer of the magma chamber. B) granodioritic These groups refer to differing amounts of silica, iron, and magnesium found in the minerals that make up the rocks. why is it helpful to measure the specific gravity of a mineral? A. a decrease in the confining pressure (decompression) Plus, they are, by definition, exposed to the elements of erosion immediately. F) Both c. and d. Rocks labeled as granite in laymen applications can be several other rocks, including syenite, tonalite, and monzonite. D. quartz This relates to the cooling history of the molten magma from which it came. B. higher values of this require greater temperatures for melting D) dark colored, less dense and more viscous (sticky); D) If the magma has no crystals or gases within it, it is called "lava." The sequence in which minerals crystallize from a magma is known as the Bowen reaction series (Figure 3.3.1 and Figure 3.3.3). On the figure above, the top row has both plutonic and volcanic igneous rocks arranged in a continuous spectrum from felsic on the left to intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic toward the right. Match the rock name with the best description. B. may be composed of grains of olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts They are formed when magma exploits a weakness between these layers, shouldering them apart and squeezing between them. True To avoid these complications, the following figure presents a simplified version of igneous rock nomenclature focusing on the four main groups, which is adequate for an introductory student. D) The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow any larger. Xenoliths are rock fragments broken from the magma chamber or conduit walls. This magma solidifies in the air to form volcanic rock called tephra. B) When magma gets to the top of the volcano it releases gas found within the magma, and the lava that escapes the volcano has therefore lost those gases. The slow cooling process allows crystals to grow large, giving the intrusive igneous rock a coarse-grained or phaneritic texture. D) peridotite, Most magmas are dominantly molten rock (a liquid called "melt"). A) andesitic E) Both a. and c. 5. gabbro 20/3 c. = 45/20 Basalt and gabbro are the extrusive and intrusive names for mafic igneous rocks, and peridotite is ultramafic, with komatiite as the fine-grained extrusive equivalent. Please select the best answer from the choices provided B. volume is very large, comparable in size with granitic batholiths Magma can intrude into a low-density area of another geologic formation, such as a sedimentary rock structure. Laccoliths are blister-like, concordant intrusions of magma that form between sedimentary layers. b. C. often occur with basalt and other mafic igneous rocks Norman Levi Bowen, born in Kingston Ontario, studied geology at Queens University and then at MIT in Boston. Solid rock can be changed into a new rock by stresses that cause an increase in heat and pressure. B. quartz If the fragments accumulate while still hot, the heat may deform the crystals and weld the mass together, forming a welded tuff. D. ocean ridge volcanoes The composition of magma depends on the rock it was formed from (by melting), and the conditions of that melting. This relates to the cooling history of the molten magma from which it came. Composition refers to a rocks chemical and mineral make-up. Classification of Igneous Rock Series. A. Bowen's reaction process a. [Hint] D. Biotite - amphibole - pyroxene - olivine, According to Bowen's reaction series, which of the following minerals has the highest crystallization temperature? A) chemical composition of the magma or lava Because mafic lava is more mobile, it is less common than basalt. A) the lava after it erupted from a crystallizing magma chamber This more gaseous and sticky lava tends to explode violently and cools as andesite rock. In fact, magma has only been discovered three times in its natural habitat deep in Earths crust. Being that oxygen and silicon are the most abundant elements in magma, geologists define magma types in terms of their silica content, expressed as SiO2. A. Kilauea volcano, Hawaii Note that, unlike Figure 3.2.1, these compositions are expressed in terms of oxides (e.g., Al2O3 rather than just Al). C) rate of cooling B) amount of space available for crystals to fill Porphyritic texture indicates the magma body underwent a multi-stage cooling history, cooling slowly while deep under the surface and later rising to a shallower depth or the surface where it cooled more quickly. Transfer of heat often happens at convergent boundaries, where tectonic plates are crashing together. Dark, dense volcanic rock from the lower part of the magma chamber may be released later. As long as there is silica remaining and the rate of cooling is slow, this process continues down the discontinuous branch: olivine to pyroxene, pyroxene to amphibole, and (under the right conditions) amphibole to biotite. In either of these situations, the magma that has moved toward the surface is likely to cool much faster than it did within the magma chamber, and the rest of the rock will have a finer crystalline texture. The presence of quartz is a good indicator of granite. B) highly fluid, cools slowly B. Andes mountains volcanoes D. all of the above. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. [Hint] Decompression melting often occurs at divergent boundaries, where tectonic plates separate. Coarse-grained textures generally indicate magmas that slowly cooled deep underground. Lava eruptions can be fire fountains of liquid rock or thick, slow-moving rivers of molten material. This continues down the chain, as long as there is still silica left in the liquid. Andesite is the name of a family of fine-grained, extrusive igneous rocks that are usually light to dark gray in color. A. rhyolite C. basalt The dike is younger than the rocks it cuts across and, as discussed in the chapter on Geologic Time (Chapter 7), may be used to assign actual numeric ages to sedimentary sequences, which are notoriously difficult to age date. Extrusive or volcanic rocks crystallize from lava at the earth's surface. Learn how BCcampus supports open education and how you can access Pressbooks. C) the composition 1. The layers of magma may be documented by the type of eruption material the volcano emits. C) granite The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. The Bowen reaction series is one of the results of his work, and even a century later, it is an important basis for our understanding of igneous rocks. B. variable silica, iron and magnesium content, glassy texture F, During this stage of rsum review, employers use the rsum to guide interview questions: A. peridotite What two factors determine what type of rock a magma will form?-One is the composition of the magma. Are plutons assembled over. An igneous rock with large crystals embedded in a matrix of much finer crystals is indicative of a two-stage cooling process, and the texture is porphyritic (Figure 3.3.7). D. and c. only It can be found in the right below a or within the . This mixture is usually made up of four parts: a hot liquid base, called the melt; minerals crystallized by the melt; solid rocks incorporated into the melt from the surrounding confines; and dissolved gases. As an example, granite is a commonly-used term but has a very specific definition which includes exact quantities of minerals like feldspar and quartz. C) the rock's color B) Mafic is a magma/rock that is rich in Fe and Mg, whereas felsic refers to that which is rich in feldspar and silica (quartz) E. pyroxene This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. Classification of Igneous Rock Series. B) Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains to grow. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Igneous rocks form when melted rock cools. Komatiite is a rare rock because volcanic material that comes directly from the mantle is not common, although some examples can be found in ancient Archean rocks [2]. Basalt is the main rock which is formed at mid-ocean ridges, and is therefore the most common rock on the Earths surface, making up the entirety of the ocean floor (except where covered by sediment). Obsidian as a glassy rock shows an excellent example of conchoidal fracture similar to the mineral quartz (see Chapter 3). a. A) striped and dotted; A stock is a type of pluton with less surface exposure than a batholith and may represent a narrower neck of material emerging from the top of a batholith. Which type of magma is most likely to quench into a natural glass? light colored, more dense and less viscous (not sticky), What type of composition would result in a magma if equal amounts of basaltic and granitic magma were mixed? __________ is characterized by very coarse mineral grains? The method, in brief, was to melt the rock to a magma in a specially-made kiln, allow it to cool slowly to a specific temperature (allowing some minerals to form), and then quench it (cool it quickly) so that no new minerals form (only glass). 2. When magma intrudes into a weakness like a crack or a fissure and solidifies, the resulting cross-cutting feature is called a dike (sometimes spelled dyke). Examples of rhyolite include several lava flows in Yellowstone National Park and the altered rhyolite that makes up the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. This heat makes magma a very fluid and dynamic substance, able to create new landforms and engage physical and chemical transformations in a variety of different environments. The compositions of typical mafic, intermediate, and felsic magmas are shown in Figure 3.3.4. C. heat expansion of the chemical bonds causes them to break If magma cools slowly, deep within the crust, the resulting rock is called intrusive or plutonic. Mafic magma also has high mean temperatures, between 1000o and 2000o Celsius (1832o and 3632o Fahrenheit), which contributes to its lower viscosity. Residual molten material expelled from igneous intrusions may form veins or masses containing very large crystals of minerals like feldspar, quartz, beryl, tourmaline, and mica. Types of MagmaAll magma contains gases and a mixture of simple elements. Peacock, M. A. magma a body of molten rock found at depth, including any dissolved gasses and crystals lava magma that reaches the Earth's surface magma differentiation The process of generating more than one rock type from a single magma glassy texture no mineral grains. Thick, viscous felsic magma can trap gas bubbles in a volcanos magma chamber. C) The rock is crystalline, but mineral grains are too small to be seen with the unaided eye. 2. gabbro A significant exception to this is active volcanoes, which are discussed in a later section on volcanism. B) the rock's composition natural glasses organic material (lignite, coal, or petroleum) fossils. If any melting takes place, crystal settling will make the magma at the bottom of the chamber more mafic than it was to begin with (Figure 3.3.6c). Normally, geothermal energy is created by pumping water into hot volcanic bedrock, creating steam that is then harnessed to generate electricity. For igneous rock, the composition is divided into four groups: felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic. Magma is a molten and semi-molten rock mixture found under the surface of the Earth. B. mineral grains are roughly equal size and coarse enough to be seen without the aid of a microscope or magnifying lens B) dark colored, more dense and less viscous (not sticky); Rhyolite is a fine-crystalline felsic extrusive rock. 1 minute B. olivine C) Pressure of the environment - higher P = slower magma cooling. This process transfers heat and creates magma. 2. rhyolite Cooling history is also related to changes that can occur to the composition of igneous rocks. 3. rhyolite Thin sections are thin slices of rocks that allow light to pass through them so that rocks may be examined using a microscope. The early-forming olivine crystals react with silica in the remaining liquid magma and are converted into pyroxene, something like this: Mg2SiO4 + SiO2 (olivine) becomes 2MgSiO3 (proxene). As cooling continues, the various reactions on the discontinuous branch will proceed because silica is abundant, the plagioclase will become increasingly sodium-rich, and eventually potassium feldspar and quartz will form. D. obsidian A __________ is an open cavity in a volcanic rock that was filled by a gas bubble when, Consider the Bowen's reaction series. Soon after that, all of the magma is used up and no further changes takes place. When magma is ejected by a volcano or other vent, the material is called lava. D. occurs when confining pressure drops significantly, like under the ocean ridges The Henry Mountains of Utah are a famous topographic landform formed by this process. Granite is a good approximation for the continental crust, both in density and composition. These compounds cause the rock to melt at lower temperatures. C) gabbroic The densest magma sinks near the bottom of the chamber. Extrusive igneous rocks have a fine-grained or aphanitic texture, in which the grains are too small to see with the unaided eye. D) gabbroic, granitic, The classification of igneous rocks is based on __________. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Each of these rocks are formed by physical changessuch as melting, cooling, eroding, compacting, or deforming that are part of the rock cycle. Therefore, most landforms and rock groups that owe their origin to igneous rocks are intrusive bodies. B. heat expansion of the ions breaks apart the crystalline solid Another is the native rock is melted and consumed into the rising magma or broken into pieces that settle into the magma, a process known as stoping. The rock then cools into new crust. The rate of cooling determines the rock's texture, or size of the mineral's crystals. . Rock formed from large deposits of tephra fragments is called tuff. User: 3/4 16/9 Weegy: 3/4 ? These tiny crystals can be viewed under a petrographic microscope [1]. Areas of lower pressure always have a lower melting point than areas of high pressure. Andesitic rocks are often found at continental volcanic arcs, such as the Andes Mountains in South America, after which they are named. 2. porphyritic The process by which the same igneous rock may produce different magma compositions upon melting. As a volcanos magma chamber experiences greater pressure, often due to more magma seeping into the chamber, the volcano may undergo an eruption. They are typically more than 100 km2 in area, associated with subduction zones, and mostly felsic in composition. B) amount of space available for crystals to fill These rocks usually have a coarse texture (individual minerals are visible without magnification), because the magma cools slowly underground, allowing crystal growth. Residual molten material expelled from igneous intrusions may form veins or masses containing very large crystals of minerals like feldspar, quartz, beryl, tourmaline, and mica. If the magma has a low viscosity (i.e., its runny)which is likely if it is maficthe crystals that form early, such as olivine (Figure 3.3.6a), may slowly settle toward the bottom of the magma chamber (Figure 3.3.6b). You cannot download interactives. An intrusion can form features such as dikes and xenoliths. If that magma is then involved in a volcanic eruption, the rest of the liquid will cool quickly to form a porphyritic texture. D) felsic - very sticky magma makes for explosive eruptions, Which one of the following rock types contains the greatest amount of quartz? Lava is molten rock flowing out of fissures or vents at volcanic centres (when cooled, they form rocks such as basalt, rhyolite, or obsidian). Introduction to Igneous Rocks. Plutons can have irregular shapes, but can often be somewhat round. in Developments in Precambrian Geology (ed. Batholiths are found in the cores of many mountain ranges, including the granite formations of Yosemite National Park in the Sierra Nevada of California. This texture, which indicates a very slow crystallization, is called pegmatitic. Texture describes the physical characteristics of the minerals, such as grain size. A) Mafic is a magma/rock that is rich in feldspar and silica (quartz), whereas felsic refers to that which is rich in Fe and Mg. Gabbro is a coarse-grained mafic igneous rock, made with mainly mafic minerals like pyroxene and only minor plagioclase. A stock is a type of pluton with less surface exposure than a batholith and may represent a narrower neck of material emerging from the top of a batholith. It is commonly vesicular and aphanitic. In some cases, extrusive lava cools so rapidly it does not develop crystals at all. Magma is like seltzer: It contains "Volatile gases" - H2O, CO2, SO2, N2, CH4and other dissolved gases. Composition refers to the rock's specific mineralogy and chemical composition. Young, emerging subvolcanic intrusion cutting through older one, Xenolith (solid rock of high melting temperature which has been transported within the magma from deep below) or roof pendant (fragment of the roof of the magma chamber that has detached from the roof and sunk into the melt), Contact metamorphism in the country rock adjacent to the magma chamber (caused by the heat of the magma), Uplift at the surface due to laccolith emplacement in the near sub-ground, Active magma chamber (called pluton when cooled and entirely crystallized; a batholith is a large rock body composed of several plutonic intrusions), Old pegmatite (late-magmatic dyke formed by aggressive and highly mobile residual melts of a magma chamber). When lava is extruded onto the surface, or intruded into shallow fissures near the surface and cools, the resulting igneous rock is called extrusive or volcanic. Classification of Igneous Rock Series. C) Both of these. C. the lower crust This non-crystalline material is not classified as minerals but as volcanic glass. The pool of magma in a magma chamber is layered. This explains why a cooling magma can have some crystals within it and yet remain predominantly liquid. B) the first crystals to form when the magma was in the magma chamber Why are thin sections of rocks used to study igneous rocks? In some cases, however, partially cooled but still liquid magma, with crystals in it, will either move farther up into a cooler part of the crust, or all the way to the surface during a volcanic eruption. A) solid + gas solid and pinstriped Steady and relatively calm lava fountains continue to change and expand the Big Island of Hawaii. Granite is a good approximation for the continental crust, both in density and composition. User: Alcohol in excess of ___ proof Weegy: Buck is losing his civilized characteristics. Match the igneous rock texture and its appropriate description. The path of rising magma is called a diapir. The black colors are likely two or three different minerals. Extrusive igneous rocks are _________, whereas intrusive igneous rocks are _________. The other is how fast the magma cools. When porphyritic, it often has either olivine or plagioclase phenocrysts. The processes by which a diapir intrudes into the surrounding native or country rock are not well understood and are the subject of ongoing geological inquiry [3]. The dike is younger than the rocks it cuts across and, as discussed in the chapter on Geologic Time (Chapter 7), may be used to assign actual numeric ages to sedimentary sequences, which are notoriously difficult to age date. 3.5 Igneous Rocks Charlene Estrada. When porphyritic, it often has either olivine or plagioclase phenocrysts. In violent eruptions, the volume of magma shrinks so much that the entire magma chamber collapses and forms a caldera. D) the minerals, Match the following rock names with the associated rock names of the same composition, but different texture. Thus, you can often figure out the relative order in which the minerals crystallized from the magma. C) Mafic is hard rock, felsic is soft rock. LAVA - magma that reaches the Earth's surface before cooling (most gasses have escaped). Which of the following is the likely cause of a vesicular texture (open cavities in a rock)? Andesite and diorite likewise refer to extrusive and intrusive intermediate rocks (with dacite and granodiorite applying to those rocks with composition between felsic and intermediate). D) highly viscous, cools quickly, Crystallization of magma occurs when ________. This reduction in overlying pressure, or decompression, enables the mantle rock to melt and form magma. Inflammation of the lymph vessels is known as________. The Hawaiian volcano Kilauea, on the "Big Island" of Hawaii, has erupted with enough molten lava to pave a road around the Earth three times. Chapter 6 Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, Chapter 7 Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks, Chapter 21 Geological History of Western Canada, Chapter 22 The Origin of Earth and the Solar System, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Extrusive igneous rocks have a fine-grained or aphanitic texture, in which the grains are too small to see with the unaided eye. B) The rock has mineral grains that are glassy. Another is the native rock is melted and consumed into the rising magma or broken into pieces that settle into the magma, a process known as stoping. Its mean temperature ranges from 800o to 1000o Celsius (1472o to 1832o Fahrenheit). Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will ________________. As a mafic magma starts to cool, some of the silica combines with iron and magnesium to make olivine. Basalt is a fine-grained mafic igneous rock. A) pyroclastic A purely descriptive definition is that a rock is - A naturally occurring aggregate of minerals and other solid material. These rocks are rare on the surface, but make up peridotite, the rock of the upper mantle. An extreme version of scoria occurs when volatile-rich lava is very quickly quenched and becomes a meringue-like froth of glass called pumice. A pluton is an intrusion of magma that wells up from below the surface. What does it mean if a rock has a coarse texture? It is important to realize these groups do not have sharp boundaries in nature, but rather lie on a continuous spectrum with many transitional compositions and names that refer to specific quantities of minerals. 3. What are the other two, smaller percentage components of most magmas? Peacock, M. A. C. Mt. 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